Beyens, I., & Eggermont, S. (2014). Putting young children in front of the television: Antecedents and outcomes of parents’ use of television as a babysitter.
Communication Quarterly, 62(1), 57-74 doi:10.1080/01463373.2013.860904.
Chonchaiya, W., & Pruksanonda, C. (2008). Television viewing associates with delayed language development.
Acta Padiatrica, 97(7), 977-982 doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00831.x.
Collier, K. M., Coyne, S. M., Rasmussen, E. E., Hawkins, A. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Erickson, S. E., & Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2016). Does parental mediation of media influence child outcomes? A meta-analysis on media time, aggression, substance use, and sexual behavior.
Developmental psychology, 52(5), 798-812 doi:10.1037/dev0000108.
Domoff, S. E., Radesky, J. S., Harrison, K., Riley, H., Lumeng, J. C., & Miller, A. L. (2019). A naturalistic study of child and family screen media and mobile device use.
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28:401-410.
Dunifon, R. E., Near, C. E., & Ziol-Guest, K. M. (2018). Backup parents, playmates, friends: Grandparents’ time with grandchildren.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(3), 752-767 doi:10.1111/jomf.12472.
Eisenberg, N., Smith, C. L., Spinrad, T. L. (2011). Effortful control: Relations with emotion regulation, adjustment, and socialization in childhood. In K. D. Vohs, & R. F. Baumeister (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications. (pp. 263-283). New York: Guilford Press.
Elias, N., Nimrod, G., & Lemish, D. (2019). The ultimate treat? Young Israeli children’s media use under their grandparents’ care.
Journal of Children and Media, 13(4), 472-483 doi:10.1080/17482798.2019.1627228.
Elias, N., & Sulkin, I. (2017). YouTube viewers in diapers: An exploration of factors associated with amount of toddlers’ online viewing.
Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 11(3), Article 2 doi:10.5817/CP2017-3-2.
Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., Kindler, H., Zimmermann, P. (2008). A wider view of attachment and exploration: The influence of mothers and fathers on the development of psychological security from infancy to young adulthood. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. (pp. 857-879). New York: Guilford Press.
Heo, N. (2003).
The effects of screen size and content type on viewers’ attention, arousal, memory, and content evaluations. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T10590278.
Jago, R., Stamatakis, E., Gama, A., Carvalhal, I. M., Nogueira, H., Rosado, V., & Padez, C. (2012). Parent and child screenviewing time and home media environment.
American journal of preventive medicine, 43(2), 150-158 doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.012.
John, A., Halliburton, A., & Humphrey, J. (2013). Child-mother and child-father play interaction patterns with preschoolers.
Early Child Development and Care, 183(3-4), 483-497 doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.711595.
Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective.
Developmental Psychology, 18(2), 199-214 doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199.
Lafrance, A. (2017, June 25). The algorithm that makes preschoolers obsessed with YouTube kids. The Atlantic. Retrieved from
https://www.theatlantic.com/.
Lee, H. E., Kim, J. Y., & Kim, C. (2022). The influence of parent media use, parent attitude on media, and parenting style on children’s media use.
Children, 9(1), 37 doi:10.3390/children9010037.
Leung, L., & Wei, R. (2000). More than just talk on the move: Uses and gratifications of the cellular phone.
Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(2), 308-320 doi:10.1177/107769900007700206.
Mutz, D. C., Roberts, D. F., & van Vuuren, D. P. (1993). Reconsidering the displacement hypothesis: Television’s influence on children’s time use. Communication Research, 20(1), 51-75 doi:10.1177/009365093020001003.
Nikken, P., & Jansz, J. (2014). Developing scales to measure parental mediation of young children’s internet use.
Learning, Media and Technology, 39(2), 250-266 doi:10.1080/17439884.2013.782038.
Nikken, P., & Schols, M. (2015). How and why parents guide the media use of young children.
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24:3423-3435 doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0144-4.
Poulain, T., Ludwig, J., Hiemisch, A., Hilbert, A., & Kiess, W. (2019). Media use of mothers, media use of children, and parent–child interaction are related to behavioral difficulties and strengths of children.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 4651 doi:10.3390/ijerph16234651.
Reeves, B., Lang, A., Kim, E. Y., & Tatar, D. (1999). The effects of screen size and message content on attention and arousal.
Media psychology, 1(1), 49-67 doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0101_4.
Xu, H., Wen, L. M., & Rissel, C. (2014). Associations of maternal influences with outdoor play and screen time of two‐year‐ olds: Findings from the healthy beginnings trial.
Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 50(9), 680-686 doi:10.1111/jpc.12604.
An, S. M., & Kang, M. J. (2021). The effect of mothers’ inappropriate smart device usage habits on preschoolers’ cognitive ability: Sequential mediating effect of preschoolers’ smart device immersion tendency and self-regulation.
Family and Environment Research, 59(2), 157-168 doi:10.6115/fer.2021.012.
Baek, J. H., & Shin, H. W. (2019). Effects of children’s temperament, father’s rearing attitude and father’s rearing involvement on children’s self-control.
Korean Journal of Child Education & Care, 19(4), 189-201 doi:10.21213/kjcec.2019.19.4.189.
Cho, S., & Kim, H. S. (2015). An empirical analysis on the determinants of VOD viewing pattern of users in IPTV platform.
The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 15(4), 153-167 doi:10.5392/JKCA.2015.15.04.153.
Hur, G.-H. (2003). Construction and validation of a self-managed television viewing control scale. Korean Journal of Broadcasting & Telecommunications Research, 57:271-300.
Hwang, H. S., Sohn, S., & Choi, Y. J. (2011). Exploring factors affecting smart-phone addiction: Characteristics of users and functional attributes. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 25(2), 277-313.
Jeonbuk Institute (2020).
Jeonbugjiyeog yeongyuaui midieo iyongsiltae mich daeeungbangan yeongu [전북지역 영유아의 미디어 이용실태 및 대응방안 연구](Report No. 2020-02). Retrieved from Jeonbuk Institute website:
http://www.jthink.kr.
Kim, B., & Shin, H. (2019). The relationship between young children’s media use time, self-regulation, and problem behaviors.
Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 28(6), 567-581 doi:10.5934/kjhe.2019.28.6.567.
Kim, C. (2021). Genre classification of children’s video: Focusing on the content, format, and creator characteristics of children’s video on Youtube. Ewha Journal of Social Sciences, 37(2), 183-213 doi:10.16935/ejss.2021.37.2.006.
Kim, D., & Park, Y. H. (2018). The structural relationships among maternal parenting stress, positive parental behavior, time for children’s electronic media use, and externalizing behavior problems: Multiple group analysis according to gender difference.
The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 23(6), 135-156 doi:10.20437/KOAECE23-6-06.
Kim, E. H. (2011). Fathers’ play time with their young children at weekend. Korean Society For Early Childhood Physical Education, 12(2), 73-87.
Kim, E. J. (2021). A study on the ‘YouTube parenting’: The use of YouTube by foster children and controlling the use of You Tube.
Locality & Communication, 25(3), 41-85 doi:10.47020/JLC.2021.08.25.3.41.
Kim, H. N., Lee, S. A., Lee, E. K., Chon, J. H., & Kim, S. H. (2014). Effects of the smart media exposure environment on smart media addiction of young children. Korean Journal of Child Education and Care, 14(4), 127-153.
Kim, J. R., & Kang, S. S. (2010). An analysis on the differences in the children’s self-managed television watching control by mother’s intervention type on children’s TV watching. Journal of Korean Council for Children & Rights, 14(4), 585-607.
Kim, M. H. (2015). The effects of maternal parenting behavior, smart devices addiction, and children’s self regulation on their use of smart devices.
Korean Journal of Childcare and Education, 11(6), 133-151 doi:10.14698/jkcce.2015.11.133.
Kim, S. J. (2016). The Structural relationship between parenting style, media usage type and behavioral problems among preschool children. Korean Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 10(1), 73-93.
Kim, S.-H., & Hwang, S.-O. (2017). Mediating effects of selfregulation on the relationship between childhood smart device immersion tendency and pro-social behavior.
Family and Environment Research, 55(1), 1-12 doi:10.6115/fer.2017.001.
Kim, Y. R., Bae, S. M., & Bark, K. S. (2016). On the actual condition of the smart phone use of the infants and young children perceived by mothers. Journal of Early Childhood Education & Educare Welfare, 20(3), 337-374.
Korea Institute of Child Care and Education (2013).
Current status and protective measures of young children’s exposure to media devices (Report No. 2013-15). Retrieved from KICCE website:
https://repo.kicce.re.kr.
Korea Institute of Child Care and Education (2015).
A study of grandparents raising young grandchildren and support system (Report No. 2015-10). Retrieved from KICCE website:
https://repo.kicce.re.kr.
Korea Institute of Child Care and Education (2021).
A study on policy measures to optimize the media use of infants and young children (Report No. 2021-15). Retrieved from KICCE website:
https://repo.kicce.re.kr.
Korea Press Foundation (2020).
Children and media in Korea 2020 (Report No. 2020-04). Retrieved from KPF website:
https://www.kpf.or.kr.
Kwon, J-Y., Chung, M-R., & Yee, B-S. (2015). The influence of fathers’ play interaction on the cognitive, motor and language development of young children.
Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education, 35(1), 333-350 doi:10.18023/kjece. 2015.35.1.015.
Lee, H. (2008). Exploration the predicting variables affecting the addictive mobile phone use.
Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 22(1), 133-157 doi:10.21193/kjspp.2008.22.1.008.
Lee, K.-Y., & Sung, D.-K. (2018). Factors influencing on the flow and satisfaction of YouTube users. The Journal of Korea Contents Association, 18(12), 660-675 doi:10.5392/JKCA.2018.18.12.660.
Lee, Y., & Oh, S. (2018). The effects of mother’s happiness, teacherchild intimate relationship, and children’s self-esteem on children’s self-regulation.
The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 23(3), 53-73 doi:10.20437/KOAECE23-3-03.
Lim, M. H., & Kim, S. H. (2014). A study on the smart phone and tablet PC utilization, parental perception, and addictive tendencies of young children. Korean Journal of Child Education and Care, 14(4), 237-260.
Ministry of Science and ICT., & National Information Society Agency (2020). The survey on smartphone overdependence (Report No. NIA-Ⅷ-RSE-C-19067). Retrieved from MSIT website:
https://www.msit.go.kr.
Oh, J., & Park, Y. W. (2019). A study on pre-schoolers’ smart media use and parents’ perception. Korean Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 13(3), 3-26 doi:10.5718/kcep.2019.13.3.3.
Park, Y. M., & Kang, M. J. (2020). Pathway from maternal parenting efficacy, inappropriate motives for allowing smart devices, and smart device dependency to preschoolers’ ability to understand minds.
Korean Journal of Child Studies, 41(6), 9-24 doi:10.5723/kjcs.2020.41.6.9.
Park, Y.-T., & Lee, K.-N. (2011). Effects of maternal parenting, temperament and teacher-child relationship on self-control of children. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 16(1), 235-256.
Yim, K. S., Kim, S. H., & Hong, H. K. (2014). A study of correlation among young children’s smart-phone addiction, selfrespect, and self-regulation. Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, 21(4), 203-221.