Avison, W. R., & McAlpine, D. D. (1992). Gender differences in symptoms of depression among adolescents.
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33(2), 77-96 doi:10.2307/2137248.
Barnes, H. L., Olson, D. H. (1982). Parent-adolescent communication scale. In D. H. Olson, H. I. McCubbin, H. Barnes, A. Larsen, M. Muxen, & M. Wilson (Eds.), Family inventories: Inventories used in a national survey of families across the family life cycle. (pp. 33-48). St. Paul, MN: Family Social Science, University of Minnesota.
Chang, F.-C., Chiu, C.-H., Chen, P.-H., Chiang, J.-T., Miao, N.-F., Chuang, H.-Y., & Liu, S. (2019). Children’s use of mobile devices, smartphone addiction and parental mediation in Taiwan.
Computers in Human Behavior, 93:25-32 doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.048.
Cheng, Y.-C., Yang, T.-A., & Lee, J.-C. (2021). The relationship between smartphone addiction, parent-child relationship, loneliness and self-efficacy among senior high school students in Taiwan.
Sustainability, 13(16), 9475 doi:10.3390/su13169475.
Chng, G. S., Li, D., Liau, A. K., & Khoo, A. (2015). Moderating effects of the family environment for parental mediation and pathological Internet use in youths.
Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(1), 30-36 doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0368.
Cocoradă, E., Maican, C., Cazan, A.-M., & Maican, M. A. (2018). Assessing the smartphone addiction risk and its associations with personality traits among adolescents.
Children and Youth Services Review, 93:345-354 doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.08.006.
Collier, K. M., Coyne, S. M., Rasmussen, E. E., Hawkins, A. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Erickson, S. E., & Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2016). Does parental mediation of media influence child outcomes? A meta-analysis on media time, aggression, substance use, and sexual behavior.
Developmental Psychology, 52(5), 798-812 doi:10.1037/dev0000108.
Elizur, Y., Spivak, A., Ofran, S., & Jacobs, S. (2007). A gendermoderated model of family relationships and adolescent adjustment.
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(3), 430-441 doi:10.1080/15374410701448489.
Fu, X., Liu, J., Liu, R.-D., Ding, Y., Wang, J., Zhen, R., & Jin, F. (2020). Parental monitoring and adolescent problematic mobile phone use: The mediating role of escape motivation and the moderating role of shyness.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1487 doi:10.3390/ijerph17051487.
Gong, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Liang, Z., Hao, J., Su, L., ..., & Wang, Y. (2022). How parental smartphone addiction affects adolescent smartphone addiction: The effect of the parent-child relationship and parental bonding.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 307(15), 271-277 doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.014.
Guo, N., Wang, M. P., Luk, T. T., Ho, S. Y., Fong, D. Y. T., Chan, S. S.-C., & Lam, T. H. (2019). The association of problematic smartphone use with family well-being mediated by family communication in Chinese adults: A population-based study.
Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 412-419 doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.39.
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach(2nd ed.), New York: The Guilford Press.
Hwang, Y., Choi, I., Yum, J.-Y., & Jeong, S.-H. (2017). Parental mediation regarding children’s smartphone use: Role of protection motivation and parenting style.
Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(6), 362-368 doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0555.
Kalman-Halevi, M., Tutian, R., & Peled, Y. (2022). What do parents really know about their child’s online behaviour? Discrepancies between parents and their children in Israel.
Journal of Children and Media, doi: 10.1080/17482798.2022.2038223.
Kim, C., Kang, K. I., & Lee, N. (2020). Intergenerational transmissions of mother-adolescent smartphone dependency: The mediating role of negative parenting and the moderating role of gender.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5871 doi:10.3390/ijerph17165871.
Kim, Y.-J., Roh, D., Lee, S.-K., Canan, F., & Potenza, M. N. (2018). Factors statistically predicting at-risk/problematic Internet use in a sample of young adolescent boys and girls in South Korea.
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9:351 doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00351.
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being.
American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017-1031 doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017.
Lee, E. J., & Kim, H. S. (2018). Gender differences in smartphone addiction behaviors associated with parent-child bonding, parent-child communication, and parental mediation among Korean elementary school students.
Journal of Addictions Nursing, 29(4), 244-254 doi:10.1097/JAN.0000000000000254.
Lee, E. J., & Kim, H. S. (2021). Effect of maternal factors on problematic smartphone use among elementary school children.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9182 doi:10.3390/ijerph18179182.
Lee, S.-Y., Lee, H. K., Choi, J.-S., Bang, S., Park, M.-H., Jung, K.-I., & Kweon, Y.-S. (2020). The Matthew effect in recovery from smartphone addiction in a 6-month longitudinal study of children and adolescents.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4751 doi:10.3390/ijerph17134751.
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental mediation of children’s Internet use.
Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581-599 doi:10.1080/08838150802437396.
Meeus, A., Eggermont, S., & Beullens, K. (2019). Constantly connected: The role of parental mediation styles and self-regulation in pre- and early adolescents’ problematic mobile device use.
Human Communication Research, 45(2), 119-147 doi:10.1093/hcr/hqy015.
Nielsen, P., Favez, N., Liddle, H., & Rigter, H. (2019). Linking parental mediation practices to adolescents’ problematic online screen use: A systematic literature review.
Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(4), 649-663 doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.61.
Shin, W., & Lwin, M. O. (2017). How does “talking about the Internet with others” affect teenagers’ experience of online risks? The role of active mediation by parents, peers, and school teachers.
New Media & Society, 19(7), 1109-1126 doi:10.1177/1461444815626612.
Sorbring, E., Rödholm-Funnemark, M., & Palmérus, K. (2003). Boys’ and girls’ perceptions of parental discipline in transgression situations.
Infant and Child Development, 12(1), 53-69 doi:10.1002/icd.265.
Uusitalo-Malmivaara, L., & Lehto, J. E. (2013). Social factors explaining children’s subjective happiness and depressive symptoms.
Social Indicators Research, 111(2), 603-615 doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0022-z.
Valkenburg, P. M., Piotrowski, J. T., Hermanns, J., & de Leeuw, R. (2013). Developing and validating the perceived parental media mediation scale: A self-determination perspective.
Human Communication Research, 39(4), 445-469 doi:10.1111/hcre.12010.
Yang, Y., Liu, R.-D., Liu, J., Ding, Y., Hong, W., & Jiang, S. (2022). The relations between parental active mediation, parentchild relationships and children’s problematic mobile phone use: A longitudinal study.
Media Psychology, 25(4), 513-530 doi:10.1080/15213269.2021.1981945.
Zhen, R., Li, L., Li, G., & Zhou, X. (2021). Social isolation, loneliness, and mobile phone dependence among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: Roles of parent-child communication patterns. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00700-1.
Choi, Y. M., Kim, B. H., Yim, J. Y., & Yi, U. Y. (2021). The effect of parental mediation type on the overdependence of smart devices in children.
Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 21(12), 465-483 doi:10.22251/jlcci.2021.21.12.465.
Jang, S. J., & Park, C. H. (2016). Addiction of childhood’s smart media and parents’ and teachers’ mediation. Media & Performing Arts, 11(1), 93-116.
Jang, Y. H. (2018). The effects of self-concept, parental competency, and communication on parent-child relationship in primary school parents (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea.
Kim, B., Jahng, K. E., & Oh, H. (2019). The moderating effect of elementary school students’ perception of open communication with their parents in the relationship between smartphone dependency and school adjustment. Korean Journal of Childcare and Education, 15(1), 57-73 doi:10.14698/jkcce.2019.15.01.057.
Kim, H. J., & Jeong, S.-H. (2015). Factors affecting elementary school students’ addiction to smartphones: Parental mediation, school-based education, and psychological reactance. Journal of Cybercommunication Academic Society, 32(1), 87-120.
Kim, H. J., & Lim, K. Y. (2021). Structural relationships between consistency in parenting attitude, smartphone use, smartphone dependency and academic engagement: A comparison between primary and secondary school students.
The Educational Research for Tomorrow, 34(2), 105-131 doi:10.35283/erft.2021.34.2.105.
Kim, I. S., & Kim, D. Y. (2017). The effects of mother’s smartphone addiction tendency on smartphone overindulgence and externalizing problem behaviors among preschool children: Focusing on mediating effects of marital conflicts and mother-child communication.
Asian Journal of Education, 18(2), 221-244.
Kim, J., & Lee, K. (2019). Structural relationships among parents’ media literacy, smart-media mediation, preschoolers’ smartmedia usage time, and social competence.
Korean Journal of Child Studies, 40(6), 63-76 doi:10.5723/kjcs.2019.40.6.63.
Kim, J.-Y., Jang, D.-Y., & Hwang, S.-I. (2018). A study on the effect of parent-child negative communication on adolescents’ smartphone addiction: Focusing on the mediating effect of depression.
Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 23(3), 419-439 doi:10.13049/kfwa.2018.23.3.2.
Kim, K.-S. (2017). The mediator effector of children’s self-regulation and communication between parents and children in the relation of smartphone addiction and school life adaptation.
Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 17(23), 945-971 doi:10.22251/jlcci.2017.17.23.945.
Kim, M. O. (2015). A study on the Han Counseling parent role training for enhancing parent-child’s communication and the relatedness, individuality (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Myongji University, Seoul, Korea.
Kim, Y., & Cho, G. (2016). The mediating effects of peer relationship on the relationship between parent-adolescent communication and smartphone overindulgence of highschool students. Journal of Parent Education, 8(1), 1-14.
Kweon, O.-H., & Moon, J.-W. (2018). The effect of positive parenting attitude on mobile phone dependency–A convergent approach to the mediating effects of ego-resiliency and gender-moderating effects-. Journal of Convergence for Information Technology, 8(4), 145-152 doi:10.22156/CS4SMB.2018.8.4.145.
Kwon, J.-H., & Lee, E.-H. (2006). The effects of impulsivity, parent’s child-rearing attitude, parent-adolescent communication, and self-control on adolescent problem behavior. Studies on Korean Youth, 17(1), 325-351.
Lee, C. J., & Lee, Y. S. (2021). The effects of parents’ media literacy on children’s smart media immersion trendency: The mediating effects of parents’ smart media mediation.
Journal of Character Education and Research, 6(2), 169-193 doi:10.46227/JCER.6.2.9.
Lee, K.-N., & Kim, H.-H. (2019). The relationship of parent-child communication, loneliness and interpersonal problems on adolescents’ smartphone addiction. Youth Facilities and Environment, 17(3), 27-36.
Lee, R., & Lee, K. (2019). Moderation of psychological resilience in the relationship between parent-adolescent communication and mobile phone overuse.
The Journal of Research in Education, 32(3), 311-339 doi:10.24299/kier.2019.32.3.311.
Lee, S. J., & Moon, H. J. (2013). Effects of self-control, parentadolescent communication, and school life satisfaction on smart-phone addiction for middle school students.
Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 22(6), 587-598 doi:10.5934/kjhe.2013.22.6.587.
Lee, Y., & Do, H.-S. (2018). The effects of parent-child communication and empathy on the friendship qualities of school-aged children.
Korean Journal of Child Studies, 39(2), 65-79 doi:10.5723/kjcs.2018.39.2.65.
Lee, Y.-G. (2018). Factors affecting help-seeking for smartphone overdependence among adolescents. Informatization Policy, 25(1), 82-98.
Lim, J. A., & Kim, M. S. (2018). The influence of parental rearing attitudes on smartphone addiction–The mediating effect of aggression and impulse-. Journal of Digital Convergence, 16(3), 395-405 doi:10.14400/JDC.2018.16.3.395.
Min, H. Y. (1991). The relation between juvenile deliquency and parent-adolescent communication, family cohesion and adaptability (Unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Ministry of Science and ICT., & National Information Society Agency. (2020). 2020 The survey on smartphone overdependence (Report No. NIA Ⅷ-RSE-A-20017). Retrieved from NIA website:
https://www.nia.or.kr.
Nam, K. H. (2018). The influence of maternal parenting behaviors and media mediation on young children’s smartphone overuse.
Early Childhood Education & Care, 13(1), 117-137 doi:10.16978/ecec.2018.13.01.005.
Park, H., & Kim, H. (2016). The effect of children’s smartphone addiction on aggression: Focusing on moderating effect of parenting style.
The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 16(3), 498-512 doi:10.5392/JKCA.2016.16.03.498.
Park, N., & Oh, H. (2016). Impact of adolescent life stress and smartphone use on academic impairment: Focusing on the effect of parent involvement on adolescents’ smartphone use.
The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 16(9), 590-599 doi:10.5392/JKCA.2016.16.09.590.
Yong, E.-M. (2021). The effects of children attachment security, parenting attitude and communication of mother on children’s smartphone use. Psychological Studies in Social Development, 2(3), 97-112.