Allen, J. G. (2001). Traumatic relationships and serious mental disorders. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P. (2002). The development of mentalizing and its role in psychopathology and psychotherapy. Topeka, KS: Meninger Clinic.
Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Bullies and delinquents: Personal characteristics and parental styles.
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10(1), 17-31 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(200001/02)10:1<17::AIDCASP526>3.0.CO;2-M.
Boivin, S., Lavoie, F., Hébert, M., & Gagne, M. H. (2012). Past victimizations and dating violence perpetration in adolescence: The mediating role of emotional distress and hostility.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(4), 662-684 doi:10.1177/0886260511423245.
Buchanan, C. M., Waizenhofer, R. (2001). The impact of interparental conflict on adolescent children: Considerations of family systems and family structure. In A. Booth, A. C. Crouter, & M. Clements (Eds.), Couples in conflict. (pp. 149-160). London: Routledge.
Buehler, C., & Gerard, J. M. (2002). Marital conflict ineffective parenting, and children’s and adolescents’ maladjustment.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(1), 78-92 doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00078.x.
Collins, W. A., & Laursen, B. (2004). Changing relationships, changing youth: Interpersonal contexts of adolescent development.
The Journal of Early Adolescence, 24(1), 55-62 doi:10.1177/0272431603260882.
Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Blaustein, M., Cloitre, M., ..., & Van der Kolk, B. (2005). Complex trauma in children and adolescents.
Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 390-398 doi:10.3928/00485713-20050501-05.
Fincham, F. D., Grych, J. H., & Osborne, L. N. (1994). Does marital conflict cause child maladjustment? Directions and challenges for longitudinal research.
Journal of Family Psychology, 8(2), 128-140 doi:10.1037/0893-3200.8.2.128.
Finkel, E. J., Baumeister, R. F. (2010). Advanced social psychology: The state of the science. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press.
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder.
Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355-1381 doi:10.1017/s0954579409990198.
Gini, G., & Espelage, D. L. (2014). Peer victimization, cyberbullying, and suicide risk in children and adolescents.
Jama, 312(5), 545-546 doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3212.
Grych, J. H., Seid, M., & Fincham, F. D. (1992). Assessing marital conflict from the child’s perspective: The children’s perception of inter parental conflict Scale.
Child Development, 63(3), 558-572 doi:10.2307/1131346.
Hanish, L. D., & Guerra, N. G. (2002). A longitudinal analysis of patterns of adjustment following peer victimization.
Development and psychopathology, 14(1), 69-89 doi:10.1017/s0954579402001049.
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blacwell.
Ozer, E. J., & Weinstein, R. S. (2004). Urban adolescents’ exposure to community violence: The role of support, school safety, and social constraints in a school-based sample of boys and girls.
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 463-476 doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_4.
Perry, D. G., Kusel, S. J., & Perry, L. C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression.
Developmental Psychology, 24(6), 807-814.
Perry, D. G., Perry, L. C., & Ramussen, P. (1986). Cognitive social learning mediators of aggression.
Child Development, 57(3), 700-711 doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00238.x.
Pranjić, N., & Bajraktarević, A. (2010). Depression and suicide ideation among secondary school adolescents involved in school bullying.
Primary Health Care Research & Development, 11(4), 349-362 doi:10.1017/s1463423610000307.
Rigby, K., & Slee, P. T. (1991). Bullying among Australian school children: Reported behavior and attitudes toward victims.
The Journal of Social Psychology, 131(5), 615-627 doi:10.1080/00224545.1991.9924646.
Rosenberg, F. R., Rosenberg, M., & McCord, J. (1978). Selfesteem and delinquency.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 7(3), 279-294 doi:10.1007/bf01537978.
Salo, J., Punamäki, R. L., & Qouta, S. (2004). Associations between self and other representations and posttraumatic adjustment among political prisoners.
Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 17(4), 421-440 doi:10.1080/1061580031000075814.
Swearer, S. M., Song, S. Y., Cary, P. T., Eagle, J. W., & Mickelson, W. T. (2001). Psychosocial correlates in bullying and victimization: The relationship between depression, anxiety, and bully/victim status.
Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2(2-3), 95-121 doi:10.1300/j135v02n02_07.
Van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 389-399 doi:10.1002/jts.20047.
Wilson, J. P., Droždek, B., & Turkovic, S. (2006). Posttraumatic shame and guilt.
Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 7(2), 122-141 doi:10.1177/1524838005285914.
Ah, Y.-A., & Jeong, W.-C. (2012). Mediating effects of internet addiction in the relationship between school violence aggression and victimization. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 19(12), 331-354.
Ahn, J.-M., & Ahn, K.-S. (2012). A study on related factors for adolescent`s anger emotional experience. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 19(3), 267-292.
Ahn, J.-Y. (2016). The effect of elementary school children’s degree of violence acceptance, empathy and ego-resilience on the experience of school violence.
Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, 6:175-183.
Cha, J., Lee, J., & Hwang, S. (2009). The mediating effect of shame and fear of abandonment on adolescents’ depression and aggression : Comparison of boy and girl students model. Journal of Youth Facilities and Environment, 7(2), 3-15.
Cho, C. B., & Cho, N. H. (2011). The effect of exposed experience of adolescents to family violence on committing school violence: Focused on the mediating effect of self-control. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 18(4), 75-102.
Choi, H.-Y. (2011).
The effects of NIE(Newspaper In Education) program on the aggression and violence tolerance of school violence adolescent offenders. (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from
http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T12382013.
Hur, S.-H., & Nam, S.-K. (2016). Effects of family functioning, marital conflicts, and experiences of exposure to violence on aggression. Social Science Review, 34(2), 247-270.
Im, J.-I., & Kim, Y.-S. (2010). Levels of acceptance of violence by parents and the effects on their children’s experiences of bullying. The Korean Journal of Human Development, 17(1), 243-262.
Im, J.-W., & Hong, H.-Y. (2016). The influence of internalized shame on the relational aggression of college students-the mediating effects of dysfunctional anger expression. Journal of the Korea Institute of Youth Facilities and Environment, 14(1), 63-75.
Im, S. I., & Lee, J. M. (2013). Relationship between witness of inter-parents violence, self-esteem, victims and bullies of school violence in male high school students. Journal of School Social Work, 26:27-45.
Jang, J. A., & Shin, H. C. (2006). The influence of marital conflict on adolescent’s maladaptation: Mediating effects of ego-resiliency, parent’s child-rearing attitudes and social support. The Korean Journal of Counseling And Psychotherapy, 18(3), 569-592.
Kang, H. Y., & Kim, Y. H. (2014). Effect of emotional intelligence on the school violence attitude and latent delinquency of adolescents. Korean Juvenile Protection Review, 24:31-59.
Kim, A., & Lee, S. (2016). The moderating effects of self-esteem in children’s perceived interparental conflict and depressive symptoms.
Korean Journal of Play Therapy, 19(3), 211-226 doi:10.17641/kapt.19.3.2.
Kim, D. G., Jang, S. E., & Han, H. W. (2017). The mediated effects of emotion regulation in the relations between mother attachment and school violence of elementary school students.
Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 17:751-772 doi:10.22251/jlcci.2017.17.17.751.
Kim, H. (2013). An effect of persistent school violence victimization experience on youths’ physical, socioemotional, and cognitive development. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 15(2), 121-143.
Kim, H.-R., & Hong, H.-Y. (2017). The influence of emotional abuse in childhood on dysfunctional anger expression of university students: The mediating effects of traumatized self-system and internalized shame.
Korean Journal of Counseling, 18(6), 321-340 doi:10.15703/kjc.18.6.201712.321.
Kim, J. (2011).
The effect of perceived marital conflicts on psychosocial maladjustment. : The mediating role of parentification. (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from
http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T12281347.
Kim, J. Y., Choi, S. A., & Lim, J. H. (2015). Moderating effects of acceptability of violence on the impact of community environments on adolescents’ school violence. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 22(11), 111-135.
Kim, J. Y., Jang, Y. E., & Min, J. A. (2011). A study on the effect of school violence to adolescent’s school adjustment: Moderating effect of parent-child commuinication. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 18(7), 209-234.
Kim, J.-H., & Lee, S. (2017). The mediating effects of adolescents’ aggressive behaviors on the relationship between perceived parents’ marital conflict and school adjustment.
Korean Journal of Play Therapy, 20(3), 181-199.
Kim, J-O., & Kim, W-I. (2019). The mediating effects of class cohesiveness in the relationship between empathic ability and school violence attitude of upper grade students in elementary school.
Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 26(1), 205-226 doi:10.21509/kjys.2019.01.26.1.205.
Kim, K., Lee, Y., & Shin, J. (2013). A study on the perceptual differences of school communities in the realities and causes of school violence. The Journal of Yeolin Education, 21(4), 95-120.
Kim, K.-E., & Yoon, H. (2012). Associations between adolescents’ victimization of violence, tolerance toward violence, and cyber violence offending behavior.
Journal of The Korean Society of Child Welfare, 39:213-244.
Kim, Y. S., Park, J. S., & Kim, Y. H. (2018). A longitudinal study on the effect of parenting marital conflict and parenting depression on internalization and externalization problem behaviors of children.
Journal of Future Oriented Youth Society, 15(1), 135-155 doi:10.34244/fy.2018.15.1.135.
Kwon, H.-Y., & Kim, H.-M. (2009). The qualitative analysis on psycho-social factors of bullying adolescent at school violence. The Korean Journal of East West Science, 12(1), 1-12.
Kwon, J. K. (2011). The developmental trajectories of victimized experiences and the changing behavior problems-a longitudinal study with applied LCGA & GMM with known Class-. Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare, 34:95-126.
Kwon, Y. O., & Lee, C. D. (1997). A validation study on the children’s perception of interparental conflict scale. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 18(1), 65-78.
Lee, B.-S. (2007). The effects of parenting behavior on self-esteem, aggression, school violence experience, violence tolerance as perceiveed by adolescence. Journal of School Social Work, 13:25-50.
Lee, C.-J., Kwak, K.-J. (2000). Haggyoeseoui jibdanttadollim: Siltaewa teugseong. [학교에서의 집단따돌림: 실태와 특성]. Seoul: Jimmundang.
Lee, J.-I., & Kim, C.-D. (2015). The effects of empathic perspective-taking on aggression and permissive attitudes towards bullying in elementary school children. Korea Journal of Counseling, 16(5), 253-266 doi:10.15703/kjc.16.5.201510.253.
Lee, M.-H., & Yoo, S.-H. (2005). Differences in ego-identity status and social problem solving ability by experience in committing school violence. Journal of Educational Research, 15:51-68.
Lee, S. W., & Jo, S. S. (2005). A study on the effects of violence experience and attitudes on wife battering. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Research, 13:111-131.
Lee, S. Y., & Jung, H. G. (2015). On school violence behavior within communication skills. Journal of Social Welfare Management, 2(2), 83-103.
Min, D. K., & Choi, M.-K. (2014). The influence of parents conflict on youth’s anxiety and school adaptation.
Journal of the Korean Data & Information Science Society, 25(6), 1407-1418 doi:10.7465/jkdi.2014.25.6.1407.
Moon, C.-H., Park, J., Jeon, J.-A., & Cheon, S.-M. (2010). The effect of husband-and-wife conflicts on peer-relationships among juveniles −by the medium of self-perception and depression−. The Journal of Humanities, 15(1), 255-273.
Moon, Y.-L., Choi, J., Paek, S., & Kim, Y.-J. (2007). Gender difference in the occurrence of school violence: Analyzing victim`s counseling cases. The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 21(3), 703-722.
Mun, J.-H., & Chung, H. (2015). College students’ experiences of dating violence and violence tolerance.
Family and Family Therapy, 23(4), 627-653 doi:10.21479/kaft.2015.23.4.627.
Noh, K.-H., & Hahn, D.-D. (2017). The effects parenting attitude on aggression and sense of school community perceived by elementary school students. Journal of Educational Innovation Research, 27:159-180 doi:10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.159.
Noh, K.-H., & Joo, C.-A. (2015). The effects of homeroom teacher’s emotional leadership on school violence allowance and sense of school community perceived by elementary school students. The Journal of Educational Administration, 33:151-171.
Oh, J. A., & Kim, Y. H. (2015). The effects of inter-parental conflict and parental behavior on self-perception and school adjustment: Focused on gender difference of adolescents in multi-cultural family. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 22(6), 205-231.
Oh, J. A., Kim, E. K., & Yoon, H. (2018). Effects of parental conflict and teacher behavior on adolescents’ psychological adaptation and bully/victim status.
Journal of School Social Work, 41:221-246 doi:10.20993/jssw.41.10.
Oh, J. E., & Kim, S. Y. (2017). The relationship between early adolescents’ emotional intelligence, aggression, school violence perception and coping attitude.
Journal of School Social Work, 40:195-215 doi:10.20993/jssw.40.9.
Oh, J.-A., Park, J.-H., & Lim, S.-J. (2016). The influence of parental conflict, the father’s parenting behavior, and violence acceptability on the perpetration of school violence.
Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 21(3), 565-582 doi:10.13049/kfwa.2016.21.3.9.
Oh, J.-E., & Lee, J.-Y. (2014). Mediating effects of anger expression types for anxiety on the violent behaviors of adolescent school violence offenders and general adolescents.
Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 32(5), 163-178 doi:10.7466/jkhma.2014.32.5.163.
Oh, M. K., & Kim, J. S. (2013). The effect of children’s sensation seeking on experience of committing a school violence: Moderating effect of communication with parents. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 20(3), 31-54.
Park, M.-J., & Kang, J.-H. (2017). The effect of the adolescents’ perception of inter-parental conflict on the depression and aggression: Moderating effects of self-compassion.
Korea Journal of Counseling, 18(4), 167-190 doi:10.15703/kjc.18.4.201708.167.
Seol, K. O., Kyeong, Y., & Ji, Y. J. (2015). The effects of adolescent shyness, self-regulation, and gender on peer victimization : Tests of a three-way interaction. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 33-54.
Shin, S. C., & Lee, J. C. (2015). Double mediation estimates of internalized shame and aggression with regard to effects of excessive use of a smart phone by schoolchildren on youth violent behavior. Journal of Koran Society for Youth Protection and Guidance, 22:89-108.
Song, E.-J., & Lee, J.-Y. (2010). The effect of marital conflicts on youth depression-with the mediation of parentification.
Korea Journal of Counseling, 11(1), 335-354 doi:10.15703/kjc.11.1.201003.335.
Song, H. S. (2014).
The effect of domestic violence, school violence and depression-anxiety on adolescent suicide. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13534501.
Won, M.-J., & Gong, J. Y. (2017). The mediation effect of parentchild communication on the relationship between children’s perceived marital conflict and self-esteem. The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling, 16(3), 285-299.
Yoon, M. S., Lee, M. S., & Min, S. Y. (2012). The mediating effects of depression on the relationship of parental conflict exposure and school violence. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 14(4), 237-259.