Note. N = 963.
The number of respondents varies by variables. Frequencies and percents are values of nominal measure; means and standard deviations are values of ordinal, interval or ratio measures.
Household income is sum of earned, business, property, financial and public and private transfer income before tax.
Initial model |
Final model |
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Clustering variables | Cluster | n | M | (SD) | F | n | M | (SD) | F |
Play interaction | Cluster 1 | 369 | .64 | (.72) | 409.76*** | 371 | .64 | (.72)a | 410.37*** |
Cluster 2 | 410 | -.03 | (.63) | 408 | -.03 | (.63)b | |||
Cluster 3 | 184 | -1.25 | (.94) | 184 | -1.25 | (.94)c | |||
Play interruption | Cluster 1 | 369 | -.89 | (.54) | 529.98*** | 371 | -.89 | (.54)a | 525.38*** |
Cluster 2 | 410 | .46 | (.62) | 408 | .46 | (.62)b | |||
Cluster 3 | 184 | .79 | (1.01) | 184 | .79 | (1.01)c | |||
Play disconnection | Cluster 1 | 369 | -.67 | (.56) | 648.38*** | 371 | -.67 | (.56)a | 649.70*** |
Cluster 2 | 410 | -.05 | (.67) | 408 | -.04 | (.67)b | |||
Cluster 3 | 184 | 1.45 | (.78) | 184 | 1.45 | (.78)c | |||
Art area preference | Cluster 1 | 369 | .48 | (.50) | 13.89*** | 371 | .48 | (.50)a | 14.61*** |
Cluster 2 | 410 | .34 | (.48) | 408 | .34 | (.47)b | |||
Cluster 3 | 184 | .27 | (.44) | 184 | .27 | (.44)b | |||
Block area preference | Cluster 1 | 369 | .46 | (.50) | 23.84*** | 371 | .46 | (.50)a | 25.01*** |
Cluster 2 | 410 | .68 | (.47) | 408 | .69 | (.46)b | |||
Cluster 3 | 184 | .67 | (.47) | 184 | .67 | (.47)b | |||
Role-play area preference | Cluster 1 | 369 | .65 | (.48) | 9.71*** | 371 | .65 | (.48)a | 10.241*** |
Cluster 2 | 410 | .50 | (.50) | 408 | .50 | (.50)b | |||
Cluster 3 | 184 | .51 | (.50) | 184 | .51 | (.50)b | |||
Math & science area preference | Cluster 1 | 369 | .26 | (.46) | 6.22*** | 371 | .26 | (.46)a | 6.50*** |
Cluster 2 | 410 | .35 | (.49) | 408 | .36 | (.49)b | |||
Cluster 3 | 184 | .39 | (.49) | 184 | .39 | (.49)b | |||
Language area preference | Cluster 1 | 369 | .12 | (.33) | 2.44 | ||||
Cluster 2 | 410 | .08 | (.27) | ||||||
Cluster 3 | 184 | .13 | (.33) | ||||||
Music area preference | Cluster 1 | 369 | .02 | (.15) | .09 | ||||
Cluster 2 | 410 | .03 | (.17) | ||||||
Cluster 3 | 184 | .03 | (.16) |
Model 1 (N = 963) |
Model 2 (N = 938) |
Model 3 (N = 935) |
Model 4 (N = 922) |
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Clusters | Predictors | B | (SE) | Exp (B) | B | (SE) | Exp (B) | B | (SE) | Exp (B) | B | (SE) | Exp (B) | |
Positive-theme oriented | Demographic characteristics | Age of child | .04 | (.08) | 1.04 | .05 | (.08) | 1.05 | .09 | (.09) | 1.10 | .09 | (.09) | 1.10 |
Gender of child (vs. girls) | ||||||||||||||
Boys | -1.32 | (.19)*** | .27 | -1.04 | (.21)*** | .35 | -1.12 | (.22)*** | .33 | -1.08 | (.22)*** | .34 | ||
Birth order of child (vs. third or up) | ||||||||||||||
First | .05 | (.32) | 1.05 | -.18 | (.35) | .84 | -.24 | (.36) | .79 | -.24 | (.37) | .78 | ||
Second | .32 | (.32) | 1.38 | .20 | (.35) | 1.22 | .25 | (.36) | 1.28 | .20 | (.37) | 1.23 | ||
Monthly income | .17 | (.41) | 1.19 | -.31 | (.45) | .74 | -.55 | (.47) | .58 | -.66 | (.48) | .52 | ||
Child characteristics | Cognition | .06 | (.01)*** | 1.06 | .06 | (.01)*** | 1.06 | .05 | (.01)*** | 1.06 | ||||
Language | .04 | (.01)*** | 1.04 | .09 | (.01)*** | 1.04 | .04 | (.01)*** | 1.04 | |||||
Creativity | .01 | (.01) | 1.01 | .01 | (.01) | 1.01 | .01 | (.01) | 1.01 | |||||
Sociability | .38 | (.25) | 1.46 | .56 | (.26)* | 1.74 | .55 | (.26)* | 1.73 | |||||
Emotionality | -.22 | (.18) | .80 | -.29 | (.19) | .75 | -.29 | (.19) | .75 | |||||
Activity | -.15 | (.22) | .86 | -.22 | (.23) | .80 | -.23 | (.23) | .80 | |||||
Teacher characteristics | Age | -.08 | (.02)** | .92 | -.07 | (.02)*** | .93 | |||||||
Education (vs. university or more) | ||||||||||||||
Highschool | -.09 | (.52) | .91 | -.01 | (.53) | .99 | ||||||||
2 or 3-year college | .27 | (.23) | 1.31 | .33 | (.24) | 1.39 | ||||||||
Teacher-efficacy | .48 | (.32) | 1.62 | .42 | (.33) | 1.52 | ||||||||
Teacher-child interaction | 1.13 | (.32)** | 3.11 | .88 | (.34)** | 2.41 | ||||||||
Class and program characteristics | Teacher-child ratio | .03 | (.03) | 1.03 | ||||||||||
Class type (vs. mixed age class) | ||||||||||||||
Same age class | .29 | (.37) | 1.34 | |||||||||||
Classroom environment | .52 | (.20)** | 1.69 | |||||||||||
Program type (vs. kindergarten) | ||||||||||||||
Child care center | -.41 | (.24) | .66 | |||||||||||
General-exploratory/manipulative group | Demographic characteristics | Age of child | .08 | (.07) | 1.08 | .07 | (.08) | 1.08 | .09 | (.08) | 1.09 | .08 | (.10) | 1.09 |
Gender of child (vs. girls) | ||||||||||||||
Boys | -.40 | (.19)** | .67 | -.18 | (.20) | .84 | -.18 | (.21) | .84 | -.14 | (.21) | .87 | ||
Birth order of child (vs. third or up) | ||||||||||||||
First | -.17 | (.29) | .84 | -.40 | (.32) | .67 | -.46 | (.32) | .63 | -.43 | (.33) | .65 | ||
Second | -.10 | (.30) | .91 | -.25 | (.32) | .78 | -.22 | -.32 | .80 | -.23 | (.33) | .80 | ||
Monthly income | -.03 | (.39) | .97 | -.37 | (.41) | .69 | -.51 | (.42) | .60 | -.64 | (.44) | .53 | ||
Child characteristics | Cognition | .03 | (.01)*** | 1.03 | .03 | (.01)*** | 1.03 | .03 | (.01)*** | 1.03 | ||||
Language | .03 | (.01)** | 1.03 | .03 | (.01)** | 1.03 | .03 | (.01)* | 1.03 | |||||
Creativity | .02 | (.01)** | 1.02 | .02 | (.01)* | 1.02 | .02 | (.01)* | 1.02 | |||||
Sociability | .54 | (.23)** | 1.71 | .60 | (.24)* | 1.82 | .59 | (.24)* | 1.80 | |||||
Emotionality | -.04 | (.17) | .96 | -.08 | (.17) | .93 | -.11 | (.17) | .90 | |||||
Activity | .06 | (.21) | 1.06 | .03 | (.21) | 1.03 | .02 | (.21) | 1.02 | |||||
Teacher characteristics | Age | -.05 | (.01)** | .95 | -.04 | (.02)** | .96 | |||||||
Education (vs. university or more) | ||||||||||||||
Highschool | .17 | (.45) | 1.19 | .36 | (.46) | 1.43 | ||||||||
2 or 3-year college | .07 | (.22) | 1.07 | .12 | (.22) | 1.13 | ||||||||
Teacher-efficacy | .38 | (.30) | 1.46 | .38 | (.31) | 1.47 | ||||||||
Teacher-child interaction | .17 | (.29) | 1.19 | .01 | (.30) | 1.00 | ||||||||
Class and program characteristics | Teacher-child ratio | .03 | (.03) | 1.03 | ||||||||||
Class type (vs. mixed age class) | ||||||||||||||
Same age class | -.22 | (.32) | .80 | |||||||||||
Classroom environment | .30 | (.19) | 1.35 | |||||||||||
Program type (vs. kindergarten) | ||||||||||||||
Child care center | -.50 | (.22)* | .61 |